søndag 14. august 2016

Teologiens Begrunnelse


For noen år siden var jeg med på en internasjonal konferanse  for GT-studier i München. En av tingene jeg sitter igjen med er en utfordring fra en av de lutherske biskopene i Bayern, som frimodig – og frekt – utfordret deltagerne til at deres forskning og arbeid med tekster skulle ha som mål å styrke den kristne kirke! Det falt ikke i smak for de  fleste. Det var som om vitenskapelig, akademisk arbeid med historie, tekster og tolkninger ikke må la seg målbinde av pragmatiske fordringer av den type. Hm. Hva er egentlig teologiens begrunnelse, om den ikke har til hensikt å bygge opp om den levende Kristi kirke?

Apostelen Paulus skriver til menigheten i Korint at han kom ikke til dem med menneskelig visdom, med stor talekunst og overbevisende argumenter, men det som overbeviste og skapte endring var Guds Ånd og kraft. Troen vår, sier han, er ikke basert på menneskelig kløkt, men på Guds kraft (1.Kor 2, 1-5)
Her ligger nøkkelen til all sann teologi.
Her ligger også en utfordring til et åndelig liv, et gudstjenesteliv som vil bidra til et dypere forhold til den levende Gud. Leser vi videre i kap. 2, legger Paulus det klart fram for oss at Guds Ånd lodder dybdene i Gud, og vi kan få del i noe av dette gjennom den samme Ånd som  er oss gitt som kristne.

Teologi som studium er et vidt felt, og naturligvis finnes det noe verdifullt. Det som ergrer meg er narsissistisk ’teologi’: en navlebeskuende akademisk øvelse som dissekerer gamle bibeltekster etter egne konstruerte teorier, med en dose vitenskapelig fantasi, og med rekonstruksjon av historien for at det skal passe inn i det teoretiske paradigmet. Det handler ikke om Gud, om åpenbaring eller om frelseshistorie. Det handler primært om teser og teorier om datering av tekstmateriale, og disse dateringene er underbygget med en argumentasjon som sier: ’Det er rimelig å anta’, f.eks at en tekst er komponert/redigert på et mye senere stadium enn det en tidligere teolog har foreslått.
Argumenteringen virker av og til tautologisk; den går i sirkler. Et utvalg bibelsk tekstmateriale blir antatt å være produsert i tiden etter babylonsk eksil fordi man tidligere har antatt at kildene til redaksjonen må være fra den tiden. Sånn er det fordi det er sånn. De bryr seg mindre om hva teksten angir om egen datering. De bryr seg mindre om det lingvistiske og språklige uttrykk som kan vise en språklig utvikling fra tidlige tekster til nyere tekster. De bryr seg ikke om innholdet i tekstene som sådan.

Hva tjener det til, lurer jeg på. Er det noe annet enn en lek?!

Wellhausens gamle teorier, og noe fantasifulle ideer, om urkilder og ulike tradisjoner i tekststrukturene florerer enda. Teorier som er avsannet og imøtegått for flere tiår siden florerer fortsatt i norske teologiske undervisningsinstitusjoner. GT presenteres i fragmenter med ulike tradisjoner som kildebakgrunn, og på et tidspunkt tok noe jobben med å redigere det sammen til et slags kompendium. Israelsfolkets historie er uttrykk for religiøs tolkning av menneskelig evolusjon, hvor religionen utvikler seg i tråd med utfordringene. Gud er ikke reell. Det er ikke snakk om noen gudsåpenbaring, men  en identitetsdannelse over tid.
De bibelske figurene, fra Adam, Abraham, kong David, m. fl. er fiktive figurer; de kan ha en virkelig person i utgangspunktet, men de vitenskapelige teologer vil forfekte at Abrahams historie er oppdiktet, slik at de gir grunnlag for å gi hevd på landområder.

Jeg undres på hvorfor de kommer på slike ideer? Hva er hensikten?
Er det for å undergrave jødenes tilhørighet til land og historie?

I åndsvitenskapene arbeider vi primært med tolkning.
Historie er noe som var, som har vært; vi kan tolke deler av den, og utvalget av det vi ser som viktig er til dels subjektivt. Ofte er utvalg av fortidens hendelser valgt ut fordi vi vil bruke dem til å belyse noe vi synes er viktig i nåtid. Sannheten om historie er at den var. Ingen kan gå tilbake i tid. Som vitenskap er historien upresis, og den er alltid tolket.

Historiske tekster har kommet til i tid og rom. Noen av dem, som litterære verk av Homer eller Shakespeare, kan ha en allmennmenneskelig gyldighet i det idetilfanget de presenterer. Man kan naturligvis dissekere dem og finne ulike kilder, tenke seg senere redaktører, osv. og bidra til på ’seriøs’ Homer-forskning, eller Shakespeare-forskning; man kan benekte datering og komme med nye forslag, kanskje rekonstruere historien litt - men uansett vil det ikke skape noe bedre litteratur. Det vil ikke behandle idematerialet. Egentlig har det ingen verdi, for det kommer ikke videre i det relasjonelle, det medmenneskelige som tekstene behandler. For å tolke tekstene må man gå inn i innhold og intensjon, med vilje til mening.

Bibelske tekster har også sin tid og sitt rom, men det er et annet element som gjør enhver bibeltekst annerledes: Guds Ånd. Det er Guds Ånd som gjør Ordet levende, som bruker Ordet til å utfordre mennesker til omvendelse og tro.
Sann teo-logi er å lære Gud å kjenne.

Slik er teologien en grunnleggende åndsvitenskap, som et utgangspunkt for liv og tro.
Dens vitenskapelige metode inneholder øvelser i gudstjenesteliv, i ydmyk bønn og i forventning til Guds Ånds åpenbaring av Guds vesen. Den forholder seg til innholdet i de bibelske tekstene, vitnesbyrdet om Guds åpenbaring og vilje til relasjon.
Dette er teologiens begrunnelse.





fredag 5. august 2016

True Theology



There is a verse in the bible, in the letter Paul wrote to the Christians in Corinth, which I have kept in mind for weeks. I have wanted to read the letter in its entirety, but I have now reread chapter 2 several times, continuing in ch. 3, but reversing to ch. 2 again.

It is the 5th verse. In most bibles, that is a segment of a sentence, and this sentence can best be understood in its immediate context, so let me share this with you.

And I, when I came to you, brothers, did not come proclaiming to you the testimony of God with lofty speech or wisdom. For I decided to know nothing among you except Jesus Christ and him crucified. And I was with you in weakness and in fear and much trembling, and my speech and my message were not in plausible words of wisdom, but in demonstration of the Spirit and of power, so that your faith might not rest in the wisdom of men but in the power of God.”

You see the setting. What made me pause with verse 5 was the simple truth that our faith, both coming to faith and living in faith, rests in the power of God. It does not rest in ‘wisdom of men’. It does not rest in the science of relating to texts. Theology is by the definition of the term words, teaching about God. It deals with delving into the depths of God. That is true theology. And in the same chapter, Paul brings to light how this works:

“10 these things God has revealed to us through the Spirit. For the Spirit searches everything, even the depths of God. 11 For who knows a person's thoughts except the spirit of that person, which is in him? So also no one comprehends the thoughts of God except the Spirit of God.”

‘Theology’ has developed as an academic field, a study of text and interpretation, and in many cases there is no evidence of true theology – no insight into who God is and how He is real in our world, no connection to the community of believers (the church) – and it exists as an academic exercise. It is a game. It has no consequence for life. Well, perhaps it does, to some extent, but not the type of consequence we would hope for. It has a clear destructive element: ruining faith and boasting in human cleverness. This is not true theology. Only one who is lead by the Spirit of God, where God himself reveals insights into his nature, lives in a relationship which foster true theology.

I can sense resistance from my scholarly friends: I see their hardened faces, sense the oncoming attack: for where will this lead? Will we see self-proclaimed ‘prophets’ with newly claimed insights, which will lead groups of believers down a sectarian path?
Wait a minute.
What do you have to offer?
We have now an actual tradition of text based scholarship, where the various texts of the bible have been treated as different categories of texts, some as myths, story narratives, reflections of society, which is a historical document, but with intentions of interpretation. Some texts are liturgical and as such have limited function. This tradition I am referring to is not uniform. It has some basic features: it sees development of the Israelite religion as a human based evolution, where texts and events may relate to how people experienced their lives. The received texts are in many cases analysed on the basis of theories of origin, and the layers of origins are debated. Consequently, a given text, for example Genesis 1-11, is broken apart, dissected according to potential textual substrata. One argues for sources, which also may have come from different time periods, but each with its possible agenda.
The nature of this ‘Textology’ is speculative. The scholars are free to use fantasy, free to test out possibilities of how these sacred texts have come about.

Why would anyone delve into such a non-scientific endeavor? It is all for the scientific believability of the texts, some claim. And, naturally, I am inclined to want to pick apart their claims and any of their arguments with the simple hermeneutic tool of naming their sources and substrata and make their own ideas imbecilic.

I do think, honestly, that the onset of what is generally called ‘liberal theology’ had the intentions of saving the biblical material from stupidity and to elevate it to the acceptable level of scientific inquiry. The ones who dealt with texts of biblical material did not want to be left in the dust of oblivion to the new scientific methods in the natural sciences. They wanted to define and establish a just as valid scientific method which would deal with history, philosophy, texts of any historical value, actually for all the aspects of humanities.

For the church it has become rather destructive, for in stead of educating young men in the many aspects of living with God, learning dependence of the Holy Spirit to enlighten them, they went down the path of ‘human wisdom’, neglected the goal and purpose both for their life and for the life of the church.

Now to the next passage of Paul’s letter:
“Now we have received not the spirit of the world, but the Spirit who is from God, that we might understand the things freely given us by God. 13 And we impart this in words not taught by human wisdom but taught by the Spirit, interpreting spiritual truths to those who are spiritual.”
14 The natural person does not accept the things of the Spirit of God, for they are folly to him, and he is not able to understand them because they are spiritually discerned. 15 The spiritual person judges all things, but is himself to be judged by no one. 16 “For who has understood the mind of the Lord so as to instruct him?” But we have the mind of Christ.”

The folly of modern textologic scholarship on the biblical material is that too many think themselves more clever than God, wanting to pass judgment on the texts, either by historicism, mythic interpretation, constructing language-related options based on suggestions and random claims, you name it – but perhaps more the need to bonk a former scholar in the head with ones own new and better understanding.

Bible on the altar in Vrådal kyrkje
I have yet to see how any of this academic activity has benefited the church or a believer. It does not bring people to God. It alienates them. The authority of the Scriptures is put in severe doubt. Confusion abounds.

A couple of years ago I was attending an international conference for scholars of the Old Testament (IOSOT) in Munchen. I delightfully recall one of our hosts, a local bishop in Bavaria, who challenged the whole group of scholars to make sure their endeavors would benefit the life of the church! It was not received well by most. The scholars’ academic work was necessarily far above such pragmatic matters.

Power of Love


I have been preoccupied with many things lately: lived life, practical solutions to inner needs, a health scare, slow recovery of a wounded soul, the silence of God - or the deafness of man; longing to speak, but finding no words.

It is painful to see loved ones suffer. “ Love bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things.” (I Cor.13)
Yes, love endures all things, it hopes, it is a power in the present and also into the future. It bars the consuming suction of fear. In itself it is strong, but the source is divine love, a well of eternal strength to endure anything life throws on you. In this blog I have one principle: I do not talk about other people, unless I have cleared it with them. But the life lessons which I gain from in connection with others, those I may share.

“Because He lives, I can face tomorrow.
Because He lives, all fear is gone.
Because I know He holds the future
And life is worth the living
Just because He lives.”

This is a chorus from a song I came across many years ago, but it stays with me, and we sing it with confidence in the living room. We sing together, with loud voices. Don’t worry – we are in tune.

Is my busy-ness in needing to find plausible practical solutions an exertion of my own strength? Does it negate the dependence on God? Do I tell God what I think is a good idea, or do I wait for Him? In essence I think my idea about opening a store in town, which would provide a job-option of the practical kind, is from God. I do not call it a revelation, but a sudden quick moment, where I saw a reasonable solution to what I had prayed about. I am no business-person, have no interest in profit; the endeavor needs to pay for itself and at least one employee, but the driving force for me is simply love.

We have made another discovery: pietism without love is lethal.
Paul says clearly in the opening stanzas of 1. Cor 13:
If I speak in the tongues of men and of angels, but have not love, I am a noisy gong or a clanging cymbal. And if I have prophetic powers, and understand all mysteries and all knowledge, and if I have all faith, so as to remove mountains, but have not love, I am nothing. If I give away all I have, and if I deliver up my body to be burned, but have not love, I gain nothing.”

If our Christian life is a moralism without the relationship to God in his son, Jesus, we are as doomed to destruction as any deviant sinner. If we strive to please God with our deeds, but lack love, we are on a path to self-destruction.
                                                                                                                                                           What are the two bearing principles of life in the Scriptures?
Love the Lord, your God with all your strength, mind, might; and love your neighbour as yourself. Ponder this.


If I walk in a fog, and cannot see day approaching, My Shepherd is there to lead, because He loves.